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SURVEY PROCEDURES AND MEASUREMENTS SURVEY INSTRUMENTATION AND DETECTION SENSITIVITY (MDC) Dufault, Renee et al. Reducing environmental risk associated with laboratory decommissioning and property transfer. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol 108, supplement 6, December 2000. (abstract) European Commission (EU). Practical Use of the Concepts of Clearance and Exemption--Part 1. Recommendations of the Group of Experts established under the teams of Article 31 of the Euratom Treaty, Directorate-General Environment; 2000. Kocher, David C. Radioactive decay data tables, a handbook of decay data for application to radiation dosimetry and radiological assessments. Washington, DC; U.S. DOE Technical Information Center; DOE/TIC-11026; 1981. NEA/OECD, Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants. Issue Brief No. 1. February 1987. Slobodien, M.J. Decommissioning and restoration of nuclear facilities. Health Physics Society, 1999 Summer School. Medical Physics Publishing. Madison, WI; 1999. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Decommissioning handbook. DOE/EM-0142P; Washington, DC: March 1994. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Accelerating Clean-up: Paths to Closure. Office of Environmental Management. DOE/EM-0342; Washington, DC; June 1998. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Staff Responses to frequently asked questions concerning decommissioning of nuclear power reactors. NUREG-1628; Washington, DC: 1998. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Radiological assessments for clearance of equipment and materials from nuclear facilities. NUREG-1640; Washington, DC: 1999. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Information paper on the viability of entombment as a decommissioning option for power reactors. SECY-99-187; Washington, DC: 1999. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Use of rubblized concrete dismantlement to address 10 CFR Part 20, Subpart E, radiological criteria for license termination. SECY-00-0041; February 14, 2000.
ANSI 13.12. "Surface and Volume Radioactivity Standards for Clearance." New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc. August 1999. NUREG-1500. "Working Draft Regulatory Guide on Release Criteria for Decommissioning: NRC Staff’s Draft for Comment." August 1994. NUREG-1757 Vol 1. "Consolidated NMSS Decommissioning Guidance. Draft Report for Comment." January 2002. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment. DOE Order 5400.5; February 8, 1990. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Application of DOE Order 5400.5 requirements for release and control of property containing residual radioactive material. Air, Water and Radiation Division, EH-412; November 17, 1995. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Termination of Operating Licenses for Nuclear Reactors. Regulatory Guide 1.86, Washington, D.C., June 1974. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Disposal or Onsite Storage of Thorium and Uranium Wastes from Past Operations. Washington, DC: Federal Register 46 (205): 52061-52063; October 23, 1981. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Guidelines for Decontamination of Facilities and Equipment Prior to Release for Unrestricted Use or Termination of License for Byproduct, Source, or Special Nuclear Material. Washington, DC; August 1987. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Radiological Criteria for License Termination. Subpart E, 10 CFR Part 20 [in Federal Register 62 FR 39058, July 21, 1997]. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Draft Regulatory Guide DG-4006 (August 1998)U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Standard review plan for evaluating nuclear power reactor license termination plans. Draft Report for Comment. NUREG-1700; Washington, DC: 1998. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Supplemental Information on the Implementation of the Final Rule on Radiological Criteria for License Termination. Federal Register: November 18, 1998 (Volume 63, Number 222; pages 64132-64134). U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Supplemental Information on the Implementation of the Final Rule on Radiological Criteria for License Termination. Federal Register: December 7, 1999 (Volume 64, Number 234; pages 68395-68396). U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Use of Screening Values to Demonstrate Compliance With the Final Rule on Radiological Criteria for License Termination. Federal Register: June 13, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 114; page 37186). U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Reactors. Regulatory Guide 1.184; Washington, DC: July 2000. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Standard Format and Content for Post-Shutdown Decommissioning Activities Report. Regulatory Guide 1.185; Washington, DC: July 2000. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NMSS Decommissioning Standard Review Plan (NUREG/SR-1727). September 2000.
SURVEY PROCEDURES AND MEASUREMENTS Abelquist, E.W.; Condra, R.D.; Laudeman, M.J. "Determination of Uranium and Thorium Concentrations in High Z Material Samples Using Direct Counting Method of Gamma Spectroscopy". Radiation Protection Management. 13:42-49; 1996. Abelquist, E. W. and Vitkus, T. J. Considerations for decommissioning survey technique and implementation at uranium and thorium sites. Rad. Prot. Mgmnt. July/August 1997. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Selection and Use of Portable Radiological Survey Instruments for Performing In Situ Radiological Assessments in Support of Decommissioning. E 1893-97; March 1998. Burgess, P.H. Handbook on measurement methods and strategies at very low levels and activities. European Commission, Nuclear Safety and the Environment; Report EUR 17624; February 1998. English, R.A., Burdette, R.L., Kessler, W.E. The new radiological criteria for decommissioning: importance of transuranic nuclides. Decommissioning, Decontamination, and Environmental Restoration at Contaminated Nuclear Sites (DDER-‘94); American Nuclear Society; 1994. Frame, P.W. and Abelquist, E.W. Use of smears for assessing removable contamination. Operational Radiation Safety, supplement to Health Phys. vol. 76, no. 5; May 1999. Green, Steven. Protocol for implementing surface contamination guidelines. Health Phys. Newsletter; March 1990:10-13. Green, S., R.H. Miller, and R.A. Nelson. "Development and Use of Statistical Survey Criteria for Release of Materials at a Former Uranium Processing Facility," Health Physics 61(6):903-911. December 1991. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Monitoring Programmes for Unrestricted Release Related to Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities. Technical report series no. 334. Vienna:1992. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Radiological characterization of shut down nuclear reactors for decommissioning purposes. IAEA Technical Report (9th draft); Vienna:February 1997. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Evaluation of surface contamination - part 1: beta emitters and alpha emitters (first edition). ISO-7503-1; 1988. International Organization for Standardization. Evaluation of surface contamination - part 2: tritium surface contamination. ISO-7503-2; 1988. International Organization for Standardization. Evaluation of surface contamination - part 3: Isomeric transition and electron capture emitters, low energy beta-emitters. ISO-7503-3; 1996. NCRP 50. "Environmental Radiation Measurements." Bethesda, Md.: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. December 27, 1976. NCRP 58. "A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements Procedures." Bethesda, Md.: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. February 1, 1985. NUREG-1575 (MARSSIM) (. "Multiagency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM)." December 1997. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE). ESSAP Survey Procedures Manual, Revision 11, September 28, 2000. Schilk, A. et al. "Implementation of the MARSSIM Philosophy to Evaluate the Remedial Status of a Radioactive Waste Disposal Site at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory." Health Phys. 78(6):721-726; June 2000. U.S. Department of Energy. Environmental Implementation Guide for Radiological Survey Procedures. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy; February 1997. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Monitoring for compliance with decommissioning termination survey criteria. NUREG/CR-2082; Washington, DC: 1981. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Manual for Conducting Radiological Surveys in Support of License Termination (Draft). NUREG/CR-5849; Washington, DC: May 1992. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Branch technical position on site characterization for decommissioning. Draft; Washington, DC: 1994.
SURVEY INSTRUMENTATION AND DETECTION SENSITIVITY (MDC) Abelquist, E.W. and Brown, W.S. Estimating minimum detectable concentrations achievable while scanning building surfaces and land areas. Health Phys. 76(1):3-10; 1999.Altshuler, B., and B. Pasternak. "Statistical Measures of the Lower Limit of Detection of a Radioactivity Counter," Health Physics 34(9):293-298. 1963. ANSI N13.30. "Performance Criteria for Radiobioassay." New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc. 1996. Brodsky, A. "Exact Calculation of Probabilities of False Positives and False Negatives for Low Background Counting," Health Physics 63(2):198-204. August 1992. Brodsky, A. "Standardizing Minimum Detectable Amount Formulations," Health Physics 64(4): 434-435. April 1993. Chambless, D.A., et al. "Detection Limit Concepts: Foundations, Myths, and Utilization," Health Physics 63(3):338-340. 1992. Currie, L.A. "Limits for Qualitative Detection and Quantitative Determination," Analytical Chemistry 40(3):586-593. 1968. Goles, R.W. , Baumann, B.L., and Johnson, M.L. "Contamination Survey Instrument Capabilities." (PNL-SA-1984, Letter to the U.S. Department of Energy) 1991. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). Gamma-ray spectrometry in the environment. ICRU Report 53. Bethesda, MD: 1994. International Organization for Standardization. Reference sources for the calibration of surface contamination monitors—beta-emitters and alpha-emitters. ISO-8769; 1988. Knoll, G.F. Radiation detection and measurement. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York: 1989. NCRP 112. "Calibration of Survey Instruments Used in Radiation Protection for the Assessment of Ionizing Radiation Fields and Radioactive Surface Contamination." Bethesda, Md.: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. December 31, 1991. NUREG-1506. "Measurement Methods for Radiological Surveys in Support of New Decommissioning Criteria" (Draft Report for Comment). Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. August 1995. NUREG-1507. "Minimum detectable concentrations with typical radiation survey instruments for various contaminants and field conditions." Washington, DC: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission; 1997. NUREG/CR-4007. "Lower Limit of Detection: Definition and Elaboration of a Proposed Position for Radiological Effluent and Environmental Measurements." Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 1984. NUREG/CR-6364. "Human Performance in Radiological Survey Scanning." Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. December 1997. Strom, D.J., and P.S. Stansbury. "Minimum Detectable Activity When Background Is Counted Longer Than the Sample," Health Physics 63(3):360-1. September 1992. Sommers, J.F. Sensitivity of G-M and ion chamber beta-gamma survey instruments. Health Physics 28(6):755-761; 1975. Walker, E. "Proper Selection and Application of Portable Survey Instruments for Unrestricted Release Surveys." Bechtel Environmental, Inc. Presented at 1994 International Symposium on D&D. April 24-29, 1994.
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). Data collection handbook to support modeling the impacts of radioactive material in soil. ANL/EAIS-8; Argonne, IL: 1993. Argonne National Laboratory. Manual for implementing residual radioactive material guidelines using RESRAD, version 5.0. ANL/EAD/LD-2; Argonne, IL: 1993. W.E. Kennedy and D.L. Strenge, "Residual Radioactive Contamination From Decommissioning," NUREG/CR-5512, Volume 1, October 1992. NUREG 5512 V2 Residual Radioactive Contamination From Decommissioning: User's Manual DandD Version 2.1 NUREG 5512 V3 Residual Radioactive Contamination From Decommissioning Parameter Analysis -draft - might take a while to fully open NUREG 5512 V4 Comparison of the Models and Assumptions Used in the DandD 1.0, RESRAD 5.61, and RESRAD-Build 1.50 Computer Codes with Respect to the Residential Farmer and Industrial Occupant Scenarios Provided in NUREG/CR-5512 - draft U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Scenarios for assessing potential doses associated with residual radioactivity. NMSS Policy and Guidance Directive PG-8-08; May 1994. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Decision methods for dose assessment to comply with radiological criteria for license termination. NUREG-1549 ; Washington, DC: 1998. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Residual radioactive contamination from decommissioning: parameter analysis. NUREG/CR-5512, vol.3; Washington, DC: 1999. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Comparison of the models and assumptions used in the DandD 1.0, RESRAD 5.61, and RESRAD-Build 1.50 computer codes with respect to the residential farmer and industrial occupant scenarios provided in NUREG/CR-5512. Draft report for comment. NUREG/CR-5512, vol.4; Washington, DC: 1999. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Probabilistic Dose Analysis Using Parameter Distributions Developed for RESRAD and RESRAD-Build Codes; NUREG/CR-6676; Washington, DC: July 2000. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Probabilistic Modules for the RESRAD and RESRAD-Build Computer Codes; NUREG/CR-6692; Washington, DC: November 2000.
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). "Exposures from the Uranium Series with Emphasis on Radon and its Daughters." NCRP No. 77. Bethesda, MD; March 1984. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Exposure of the population in the United States and Canada from natural background radiation. NCRP No. 94. Bethesda, MD: 1987. NUREG-1501. "Background as a Residual Radioactivity Criterion for Decommissioning" (Draft Report for Comment). Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. August 1994.
Brodsky, A., and R.G. Gallaghar. "Statistical Considerations in Practical Contamination Monitoring," Radiation Protection Management 8(4):64-78. July/August 1991. Conover, W.J. Practical nonparametric statistics. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York: 1980. Daniel, W.W. Introductory Statistics with Applications. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA. 1977. DOE/CH-9501. Radioactivity Measurements and Surveys: Statistical and Practical Considerations. William S. Lee and Tristan M. Tritch, Mac Technical Services Company. November 1994. Gilbert, R.O. Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 1987. HPSR-1/EPA 520/1-80-012. "Upgrading Environmental Radiation Data," Washington, D.C.: Health Physics Society Committee/Environmental Protection Agency. August 1980. Johnson, R.R. Elementary Statistics. 3rd ed. Duxbury Press, North Scituate, MA. 1980. Lurie, D. And Moore, R.H. Applying Statistics. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NUREG-1475. Washington, DC 1994. NUREG-1505. "A Proposed Nonparametric Statistical Methodology for the Design and Analysis of Final Status Decommissioning Survey." NRC, Washington, D.C. 1997. NUREG/CR-4604. Statistical Methods for Nuclear Material Management. Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. December 1988. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance for the data quality objectives process. EPA QA/G-4; Washington, DC: 1994. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance for data quality assessment, practical methods for data analysis. EPA QA/G-9; Washington, DC: 1998. Walpole, R.E., and R.H. Myers. Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists. New York, NY: MacMillan Publishing Company. 1985.
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